Effect of butorphanol nasal spray administration on patient cooperativity during labor epidural placement: a single-center randomized controlled trial
Perioper Med (Lond). 2025 May 23;14(1):59. doi: 10.1186/s13741-025-00535-7. ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Epidural block stands as the prevailing, secure, and efficient approach to labor analgesia. Inadequate maternal …