Cureus. 2025 Jul 20;17(7):e88373. doi: 10.7759/cureus.88373. eCollection 2025 Jul.
ABSTRACT
The pervasive rise of digital media and screen-based entertainment has transformed the developmental landscape for children and adolescents. The COVID-19 pandemic further amplified screen exposure, exacerbating public health concerns. While digital media offers educational, social, and recreational benefits, growing concerns have emerged regarding its adverse health outcomes. Several international guidelines recommend limited screen time particularly for children under five; however, adherence remains inconsistent. This review combines recent global data and research findings to examine the physical, mental, cognitive, developmental, and emotional health consequences of digital media use and excessive screen time among youth. Physical effects include increased risks of obesity, sleep disturbances, visual impairments, and musculoskeletal pain, particularly with prolonged sedentary behaviors. Mental health outcomes are equally concerning, with excessive screen exposure associated with depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, and, alarmingly, self-harm and suicidal tendencies. Screen time exceeding 2-4 hours per day is consistently linked with increased cognitive and developmental health risks, though the threshold for harm remains debated. Despite some potential benefits of high-quality, interactive content, the evidence highlights the need for balanced media use, age-appropriate limits, and active parental guidance. By integrating findings from international studies and public health recommendations, this review provides a comprehensive foundation for clinicians, educators, and policymakers to develop targeted strategies that promote healthier digital behaviors in children and adolescents.
PMID:40837898 | PMC:PMC12364383 | DOI:10.7759/cureus.88373
