BMJ Paediatr Open. 2025 Jul 24;9(1):e003605. doi: 10.1136/bmjpo-2025-003605.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To describe the use of probiotics among preterm infants in neonatal units and explore factors that influence exposure.
DESIGN: Observational study using prospectively recorded health data.
SETTING: England and Wales.
PATIENTS: 48 048 infants born at <32 weeks gestational age (GA) and admitted to a neonatal unit between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2022.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Measures of probiotic use (number and proportion of infants exposed to probiotics, postnatal age of first probiotic exposure and discontinuation).
RESULTS: The proportion of infants who received probiotics increased from 9% to 54% over the study period. Median GA of infants given probiotics was 29+3 weeks (IQR 27+3-30+6). Probiotics were started on median day 5 (IQR 2-8), earlier for those born at >28 weeks GA (median day 4, IQR 2-7), most frequently after enteral feeds (66% of exposed infants) and were usually discontinued between 32 and 36 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) (47% at 32+0-33+6 weeks PMA, 33% at 34+0-35+6 weeks PMA). Among infants cared for in probiotic neonatal intensive care units (defined as units where 50% or more infants born <32 weeks gestation were exposed to probiotics), 23% were never given probiotics. Infants from whom probiotics were withheld had a lower gestational age, lower birth weight z score and higher illness severity score or were more mature.
CONCLUSIONS: By 2022, over half of infants born at <32 weeks GA were exposed to probiotics, but almost one quarter did not receive them despite being in a probiotic unit. Our findings help inform the interpretation of observational data and the design of future studies addressing the continued uncertainty around the safety and efficacy of probiotics.
PMID:40707136 | DOI:10.1136/bmjpo-2025-003605
