J Surg Educ. 2026 Sep 11;83(11):104170. doi: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2026.104170. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a novel, low-fidelity simulation activity in improving intraoperative decision-making and confidence among surgical trainees managing necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC).
DESIGN: This was a prospective educational pilot study utilizing a pre-test/post-test design. The intervention was developed using Kern’s Six-Step Framework and designed to address American Board of Surgery (ABS) Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs). The activity followed a structured five-phase progression including a pre-survey, a pre-brief orientation, independent model evaluation of four distinct NEC pathologies with real-time hemodynamic data, an expert-led didactic debriefing session, and a post-survey.
SETTING: The study was conducted at a single quaternary academic children’s hospital during a protected surgical education block.
PARTICIPANTS: A convenience sample of nine participants completed the study, including six general surgery residents (PGY-2 to PGY-6), two pediatric surgery fellows, and one medical student.
RESULTS: Trainees demonstrated significant shifts in operative strategy as they integrated visual and physiological data. In a multifocal NEC scenario, preference for primary anastomosis decreased from 85.7% (pre-survey) to 11.1% (intra-operative) as trainees responded to disease complexity. For NEC Totalis, documentation of goals-of-care discussions rose from 0% at baseline to 66.7% post-intervention. A Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test revealed a statistically significant increase in participant confidence regarding their ability to modify surgical plans based on intraoperative findings (p = 0.038).
CONCLUSIONS: This low-fidelity simulation effectively bridges the gap between theoretical knowledge and the complex, real-time judgment required for neonatal surgical emergencies. By prioritizing cognitive rehearsal over technical haptics and providing structured didactic debriefing, the activity supports ABS EPA attainment and significantly improves trainee confidence.
PMID:42727305 | DOI:10.1016/j.jsurg.2026.104170
